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Spore focus performance7/3/2023 gemmate, clavate, baculate and pilate etc. It is to note that the same surface pattern in the first focus is produced by different sculpturing types, e.g. If the diameter of light and dark islands remains unchanged at different foci, it reveals the columnar shape of a suprategillar baculum (Fig. Similarly when a light islet turns dark islet with smaller diameter at lower focus, it reveals the shape of a clava that has a broad apex. On analyzing the light and dark islands at different foci the structure of the element can be deduced.Ī small light islet in the higher focus when turns to dark islet in the lower focus with greater diameter, it reveals the shape of spinula that has a broad base and pointed apex. The light and dark islands reveal the cross sectional view of elements. So the suprategillar elements exhibit LO-pattern, i.e., light islands at first focus become dark when focused at a slightly lower level (Figs. The objective is further racked down and the light islands turn to dark islands. At this high adjustment the suprategillar elements are visible only. Then the objective is slowly moved down until details are visible. The objective is raised until the pollen grain is not in the focus. 4.14) a pollen grain is focused under light microscope. tectum) denotes the layer of sexine that forms a roof over columella and baculum etc.įor LO-analysis (Fig. In sexine of angiosperm pollen, three regions are encountered- suprategillar, tegillar and infrategillar (Fig. The advantage of LO- analysis is that the details of sexine can be established with full clarity in un-sectioned pollen and spore.Įrdtman (1952) illustrated LO-analysis where ‘L’ is derived from the Latin word lux meaning light and ‘O’ is derived from the Latin word obscuritas meaning darkness. Sometimes optical section does not make the fine structures of exine as clear as is expected. In optical section thickness, structure, layers and ornamentation etc. The term optical section refers to the view of a pollen grain and spore under light microscope when the focal plane is halfway through the grain. The ultra thin section (0.1-0.5 micron thick) and optical section of a pollen grain provide details of sexine. LO-analysis is a means to elucidate the details of sexine pattern on the basis of light microscopic observations of a pollen grain and spore at different adjustments of the microscope.
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